Benzodiazepine use, quality of life and psychiatric symptom burden in oral and injectable opioid agonist treatment: a cross-sectional study

Meyer, Maximilian; Gygli, Ferdinand; Westenberg, Jean N.; Schmid, Otto; Strasser, Johannes; Lang, Undine E.; Dürsteler, Kenneth M.; Vogel, Marc

doi:10.1186/s13722-023-00397-8

Addiction Science & Clinical Practice

Table 3 Multivariable linear regression models

From: Benzodiazepine use, quality of life and psychiatric symptom burden in oral and injectable opioid agonist treatment: a cross-sectional study

Variable	B	SE	t	p	95% CI
(Constant)	64.586	3.649	17.698	< 0.001	57.368 to 71.805
Age	− 0.051	0.076	− 0.672	0.503	− 0.201 to 0.099
Sex^a	4.362	1.145	3.810	< 0.001***	2.097 to 6.626
No. of additional substances in urine	− .797	0.760	− 1.048	0.296	− 2.301 to 0.707
Psychiatric symptom load	− 1.281	1.450	− 0.883	0.379	− 4.150 to 1.588
Depressive state^b	− 0.500	0.078	− 6.390	< 0.001***	− 0.655 to − 0.345
Lifetime BZD use	− 4.544	1.720	− 2.641	0.009**	− 7.946 to − 1.141
R² = 0.548; adjusted R² = 0.528; n = 139;
(Constant)	61.449	3.429	17.919	< 0.001	54.665 to 68.232
Age	− 0.045	0.077	− 0.590	0.556	− 0.197 to 0.107
Sex^a	4.354	1.159	3.756	< 0.001***	2.601 to 6.648
No. of additional substances in urine	− 0.444	0.778	− 0.570	0.570	− 1.982 to 1.095
Psychiatric symptom load	− 1.483	1.465	− 1.013	0.313	− 4.381 to 1.414
Depressive state^b	− 0.497	0.080	− 6.239	< 0.001***	− 0.655 to − 0.340
Current BZD use	− 2.220	1.154	− 1.924	0.057	− 4.503 to 0.063
R² = 0.537; adjusted R² = 0.516; n = 139;
(Constant)	61.161	3.460	17.677	< 0.001	54.317 to 68.006
Age	− 0.050	0.078	− 0.648	0.518	− 0.204 to 0.103
Sex^a	4.487	1.175	3.819	< 0.001***	2.163 to 6.812
No. of additional substances in urine	− 0.570	0.783	− 0.728	0.468	− 2.118 to 0.978
Psychiatric symptom load	− 1.622	1.488	− 1.089	0.278	− 4.566 to 1.323
Depressive state^b	− 0.503	0.081	− 6.243	< 0.001***	− 0.663 to − 0.344
Prolonged BZD use	− 1.058	1.185	− 0.893	0.373	− 3.401 to 1.285
R² = 0.532; adjusted R² = 0.510; n = 138;
(Constant)	55.981	3.510	15.951	0.001	49.030 to 62.932
Age	0.044	0.077	0.563	0.574	− 0.110 to 0.197
Sex^a	4.672	1.143	4.088	0.001***	2.408 to 6.935
No. of additional substances in urine	− 0.513	0.746	− 0.688	0.493	− 1.992 to 0.965
Psychiatric symptom load	0.824	1.489	.553	0.581	− 2.125 to 3.773
Depressive state^b	− 0.612	0.084	− 7.293	0.001***	− 0.778 to − .446
Former BZD use	1.031	1.177	0.876	0.383	− 1.301 to 3.363
R² = 0.563; adjusted R² = 0.540; n = 123

Dependent variable: total QoL score; ^amale sex as reference; **indicates p < 0.01; ***indicates p < 0.001; ^bas measured by the ADS-L

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ISSN: 1940-0640

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